http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&q=Artificial+Intelligence&spell=1
http://books.google.com/books?q=Artificial+INtelligence
http://books.google.com/books?q=Control+Systems
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Control+Systems&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Cryptography
http://books.google.com/books?q=Cryptography
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http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Digital+Design&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Image+Processing
http://books.google.com/books?q=Image+Processing
http://books.google.com/books?q=Distributed+Systems
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Distributed+Systems
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Electric+Circuits
http://books.google.com/books?q=Electric+CIrcuits
http://books.google.com/books?q=microelectronic
http://books.google.com/books?id=6KAMAX0zvjoC&q=microelectronics+Paul+Gray&dq=microelectronics+Paul+Gray&ei=lxIVSc_9N4OUMr-4pecN
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Microelectronics&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Genetic+Algorithms
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Machine+Learning
http://books.google.com/books?q=Machine+Learning
http://books.google.com/books?q=Mathematical+Logic
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Mathematical+Logic&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Operating+Systems
http://books.google.com/books?q=Operating+Systems
http://books.google.com/books?q=Random+Processes
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Random+Processes&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Sensor+Fusion
http://books.google.com/books?q=Sensor+Fusion
http://www.phys.ualberta.ca/~gingrich/phys395/
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/eie304/
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/eie403/
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/NSR/presentation/Tse-IEEElecture.pdf
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/NSR/presentation/Tse-IEEElecture.pdf
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/NSR/presentation/Tse-IEEElecture2.pdf
http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~cktse/Home_files/Potpourriofapplications.pdf
http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~cktse/Home_files/Tokushima-U-2008.pdf
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/NSR-old/ICIT-keynote.pdf
http://iwcsn2006.irmacs.sfu.ca/pdf/michael.tse.pdf
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/IntroductiontoEC/
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/NSR/presentation/SMPS-lecture-1.pdf
http://cktse.eie.polyu.edu.hk/eie209/
https://www.ece.ubc.ca/ugrad/undergraduatecourses/
https://www.ece.ubc.ca/grad/graduatecourses/
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~mitchell/Class/CS538A.2003/index.html
http://www.physics.ubc.ca/~quantmat/ARPES/PEOPLE/Andrea/Teaching/PHYS309/
http://www.physics.ucdavis.edu/Classes/Physics116/Physics116.html
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/IcBook/
http://ece-classweb.ucsd.edu/fall05/ece260a/lecture_notes.htm
http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/pcheung/teaching/ee1_digital/index.html
http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/pcheung/teaching/ee2_software_engineering/
http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/pcheung/teaching/ee2_signals/index.html
http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/pcheung/teaching/ee3_DSD/index.html
http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/pcheung/teaching/ee3_Study_Project/index.html
http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/pcheung/teaching/ee4_asic/index.html
http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/pcheung/teaching/ee4_network_security/index.html
http://lsm.epfl.ch/page10424.html
http://lsmwww.epfl.ch/Education/CadenceTutorial/explanations/schematic.html
http://lsmwww.epfl.ch/Education/former/2002-2003/VLSIDesign/ch02/ch02.html#2.1
http://edadk.epfl.ch/
http://intranet.cs.man.ac.uk/Study_subweb/Ugrad/coursenotes/CS2212/
http://sina.sharif.edu/~hessabi/#courses
http://www.cse.sc.edu/~jimdavis/Courses/2003-Fall%20CSCE%20613/F03_csce_613_lectures.htm
http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~pom/teaching.html
http://www.princeton.edu/~wolf/modern-vlsi//Overheads.html
http://www.dspguide.com/
A communication system is used to transmit information from an information source to some
distant agent requiring the information. We wish to reliably transmit this information with high
fidelity. In other words, we would like the receiver to obtain the actual information or something
that is highly correlated to it. In the case of analog communications, we try to minimize the mean
square error between the transmitted signal and the received one. In the case of digital
communications, we try to minimize the symbol error rate. To achieve this goal, we must design
signals to represent the information we are trying to transmit as well as receivers that can easily
identify these signals, even when they are corrupted by interference or noise.
Thermal noise is caused by random electron movement in the circuits of the receiver.
Interference is caused by the operation of other electrical systems in the vicinity of our
communication system. Noise and interference limit our ability to communicate error-free.
The block diagram of a typical communication system is shown below in Figure 1.1. The
modulator converts the information signal, m(t), into a signal, s(t), that is suitable for transmission
over the communications channel. The channel is the physical link between the transmitter and
receiver, such as coaxial cable, or the air in a wireless communications system. Typical channel
models include additive noise, to model the effect of the receiver’s thermal noise contribution to
the received signal. The demodulator attempts to decipher the received signal so that it can
produce an estimate of what was actually transmitted, mest(t). When designing a communications
system, the communications engineer must consider how much power is to be allocated to the
transmitted signal, the system’s bandwidth, the effect of noise and interference on the receiver’s
ability to detect and demodulate the signal, and the overall cost and complexity of the system.
Usually some tradeoffs are required, such as sacrificing performance for cost.
Figure 1.1 : Block diagram of a generic communication system.
1.1 Analog Communications
The information source produces an information signal m(t), where m(t) is the message signal.
The modulator converts this signal into an analog signal s(t). An analog signal is a signal that is
continuous in both time and amplitude. At the receiver, the demodulator attempts to retrieve m(t)
from r(t), which is the channel’s response to input s(t). Usually r(t) is a corrupted form of s(t),
such as an attenuated version of s(t) plus noise, which is expressed by r(t) = αs(t) + n(t), where α
is the attenuation introduced by the channel (this attenuation may be time-varying, as is the case
in wireless communications) and n(t) is the noise from the receiver as well as any interference
1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Components
1. Passive and Active components. Examples of passive components are resistors, capacitors, etc.
2. Discrete and integrated components. A discrete circuit is a circuit that contains a s et of discrete
components whose size are sufficiently large to be recognized easily. On the other hand, a chip of
size 1mm can contain millions of integrated elements.
1.1.2 Signals
A signal is physical phenomenon that is able to move in a given medium. An example of a signal is a
sinusoidal signal of frequency f0 and amplitude a which can be represented mathematically as
s(t) = a sin(2¼f0t) (1.1)
with T = 1=f0 is the period of the signal. In this signal a is the peak value. The RMS value (RMS stands
for: root mean square) is the dc signal value tat produces the same mean power of an ac signal applied to
a resistive load. In the case of a sinusoidal signal, MRS value is related to peak value by
aRMS = aeff = a=p2 (1.2)
If the signal is shifted by time ¿ , it becomes
s(t) = a sin(2¼f0(t ¡ ¿ )) (1.3)
A sinusoidal signal is a typical example of analog signal, in which the amplitude can assume any finite
value. A digital signal, on the other hand can assume only two values (e.g. 0 and 1 or §1). Transitions
between these values are abrupt and appear at precise times.
1.1.3 Circuits
1. Active and Passive Circuits. A passive circuit is a circuit in which any active power is injected apart
from the input signal (source signal). An active circuit is a circuit in which external active power
sources can give active power. The output power can then contain more power than the input signal.
You have already covered brie
y the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) last year. We will
present here a much more detailed treatment of the subject.
First, why bothering about it? Well, frequency analysis of discrete time signals is very
useful in many applications but the standard FT is given by
X (!) =
1X n=o€€€1
x (n) eo€€€j!n:
There are two problems with it. In a real-world context, one cannot compute this expres-
sion analytically for any arbitrary fx (n)g and numerically it is impossible as it involves
an innite sum. Moreover, X (!) is a continuous function of !! So it is necessary to come
up with a practical alternative; this is the DFT.
2. Discrete Fourier Transform
2.1. Fourier transform at a discrete set of frequencies. Consider the FT eval-
uated at the discrete set of frequencies
! =
2k
t)Aˆ
³
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&q=Artificial+Intelligence&spell=1
http://books.google.com/books?q=Artificial+INtelligence
http://books.google.com/books?q=Control+Systems
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Control+Systems&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Cryptography
http://books.google.com/books?q=Cryptography
http://books.google.com/books?q=Digital+Design
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Digital+Design&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Image+Processing
http://books.google.com/books?q=Image+Processing
http://books.google.com/books?q=Distributed+Systems
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Distributed+Systems
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Electric+Circuits
http://books.google.com/books?q=Electric+CIrcuits
http://books.google.com/books?q=microelectronic
http://books.google.com/books?id=6KAMAX0zvjoC&q=microelectronics+Paul+Gray&dq=microelectronics+Paul+Gray&ei=lxIVSc_9N4OUMr-4pecN
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Microelectronics&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Genetic+Algorithms
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Machine+Learning
http://books.google.com/books?q=Machine+Learning
http://books.google.com/books?q=Mathematical+Logic
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Mathematical+Logic&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Operating+Systems
http://books.google.com/books?q=Operating+Systems
http://books.google.com/books?q=Random+Processes
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Random+Processes&hl=en&lr=
http://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=Sensor+Fusion
http://books.google.com/books?q=Sensor+Fusion
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